Salvia Sage A Review of its Potential Cognitive Enhancing and Protective Effects.Cognitive activity and performance can be influenced by an array of neurological and biochemical factors.Francesca_Borrelli/publication/7842254/figure/fig2/AS:394605905367041@1471092787214/Fig-2-Comparative-antidementic-effect-of-GB-extract-and-three-different-extracts-of-BM.png' alt='Antidepressant Activity Of Bacopa Monnieri Benefits' title='Antidepressant Activity Of Bacopa Monnieri Benefits' />Damage to specific neurological structures can be associated with specific cognitive deficits, and there is an increasing awareness of the influence of different hormones and neurotransmitters on cognitive activity.Because of its rich array of chemical constituents, plants of genus Salvia can influence multiple physiological pathways summarised in Fig.Those especially pertinent to cognition are summarised in the following sections.Salvia and Amyloid The accumulation of the amyloid peptide A is a characteristic of Alzheimers disease and its deposition is considered partially responsible for the cognitive dysfunction seen in Alzheimers disease.Research supports a striking number of effective, nondrug remedies for depression.From yoga and dog visits to curcumin and probiotics, numerous natural.Bacopa Bacopa monniera has long been revered in Ayurvedic medicine as a tonic for improving memory, insomnia, depression, chronic fatigue, and concentration.Bacopa-ArticleMeme.jpg' alt='Antidepressant Activity Of Bacopa Monnieri Benefits' title='Antidepressant Activity Of Bacopa Monnieri Benefits' />It is theorised that aggregated A is accountable for the progressive nature of the disease, as the unregulated build up of aggregates are neurotoxic, causing dysfunction to cholinergic neurons and calcium homeostasis, and promoting the formation of reactive oxygen species ROS and pro inflammatory responses.A are known to cause specific learning and memory impairment and its administration has been renowned for inducing memory loss in animal models 6.Salvia miltiorrhiza has been shown to protect mice from A induced neurotoxicity by inhibiting increases in tumour necrosis factor TNF, interleukin 6 IL 6 levels and acetylcholinesterase ACh.E activity 7.Tanshinones from S.A induced toxicity by ameliorating m.RNA expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase i.NOS, matrix metalloproteinase 2 and nuclear transcription factor 8.Animal studies have demonstrated that supplementation with S.AMP response element binding protein and its down stream molecules and decreased apoptosis in A injected rats 9.In mice exposed to an acute injection of A, rosmarinic acid also prevented A induced nitration of proteins an indirect indicator of peroxynitrite damage in the hippocampus.Rosmarinic acid also prevented memory impairments induced by A toxicity 1.Protective effects from A toxicity have also been observed following the administration of the Salvia constituents, salvianolic acid 1.Salvia and Cholinergic Activity.Central cholinergic signalling has long been associated with features of memory, motivation and mood.Acetylcholine ACh, a neurotransmitter involved in cholinergic signalling, is believed to play an important role in several aspects of cognitive function and behaviour, including attention, learning, memory and motivation.Alterations in ACh signalling are involved in the pathophysiology of multiple neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimers disease 1.Recent studies have also provided support for a role of cortical ACh in attentional effort, orientation and the detection of behaviourally significant stimuli 1.ACh.E is an enzyme that catalyses the breakdown of acetylcholine and there are several ACh.E inhibitor drugs available to increase overall ACh concentration.These drugs are based on the premise that increasing the availability of ACh at acetylcholine receptors in the brain enhances neuron to neuron transport and ultimately improves cognitive function 1.In vitro and animal studies have revealed that several Salvia species and their constituents are effective ACh.E inhibitors.An aqueous extract of S.ACh. Windows 7 Cd Key Generator Shared Forums . E activity in mice 1.S.ACh.E, with greater effects on butyrylcholinesterase 1.In mice subjected to A peptide, pre treatment with S.ACh.E activity and memory performance 2.The essential oil of S.ACh.E 2. 1, and similar findings were revealed from the essential oil of S.ACh.E inhibiting activity occurred exclusively via the monoterpernoids 2.ACh.E inhibition has also been observed from the phenolic diterpenes, 7a methoxyrosmanol and isorosmanol, isolated from S.The active constituents, rosmarinic acid, carnosic acid and quercetin, found in several Salvia species can also inhibit ACh.E activity 2.The tanshinones from S.ACh.E and butyrylcholinesterase activity 2.Salvia and Neurotrophins.Neurotrophins are important regulators of neural survival, development, function and plasticity 2.Brain derived neurotrophic factor BDNF is one neutrophin that has received particular attention in cognitive and neurological research due to its role in supporting the survival of existing neurons, encouraging the growth and differentiation of new neurons and synapses, and enhancing learning and memory 2.In a recent meta analysis, peripheral BDNF levels were confirmed to be lower in patients with Alzheimers disease and mild cognitive impairment 3.In one study, the administration of S.A induced reductions in BDNF 7.Rosmarinic acid also protected against memory deficits induced by cerebral artery occlusion in mice.One mechanism of the neuroprotective effects of rosmarinic acid involved an increase in BDNF 3.In rats exposed to chronic unpredictable stress, rosmarinic acid restored hippocampal BDNF.Moreover, in vitro experiments revealed that rosmarinic acid increased BDNF levels in cultured astrocytes 3.Caffeic acid reduced immobility time of mice in the forced swim test and ameliorated stress induced reductions in levels of BDNF m.RNA in the frontal cortex.Caffeic acid did not modify the levels of BDNF in brain regions of naive mice, indicating that it primarily attenuates the down regulation of BDNF transcription during stressful conditions 3.The flavonoid luteolin was identified to be highly active in inducing the synthesis and secretion of neurotrophic factors, including nerve growth factor, glial derived neurotrophic factor and BDNF in cultured astrocytes 3.There have also been some reports that quercetin can increase BDNF levels in brain injury models 3.The production of nerve growth factor, another neurotrophin important for the growth, maintenance and survival of neurons, has also been shown to be enhanced by carnosic acid, carnosol 3.Salvia and Antioxidant Effects.Excess free radical activity and reduced antioxidant defences create a state of oxidative stress.Over time, oxidative stress can damage all body tissues, with the brain particularly susceptible.Oxidative stress has been implicated in many neurological disorders including Alzheimers disease 3.Parkinsons disease 4.Oxidative stress is also elevated in many mental health disorders including major depressive disorder 4.ADHD 4.Moreover, animal models of induced oxidative stress have confirmed that it can adversely influence memory and learning performance 4.Salvia plants and their individual constituents possess strong antioxidant activity.In an analysis of 1.Salvia species, it was confirmed that all species exhibited significant antioxidant activity as measured by oxygen radical absorbance capacity, radical scavenging capacity and total phenolic content.The extent of antioxidant activity varied across species and extraction methods used, the ethanolic extract of S.It has been confirmed that S.ROS by inhibiting oxidases, reducing the production of superoxide, inhibiting the oxidative modification of low density lipoproteins and ameliorating mitochondrial oxidative stress.S.
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